Summing & Difference Amplifiers: A Toy 4-Bit DAC, Step Size, Resistor Tolerances & Common-Mode Error
This lesson is part of the course
In this lesson
You split codes 0–15 into bits with INT and MOD, compute the output of a toy summing DAC with weighted resistors and its step size, then measure how resistor tolerances turn a common-mode voltage into an output error in a difference amplifier.
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Lessons in this course
- Diodes & Rectifiers: A Toy Sine Table, a 0.7 V Diode Model, Half-Wave vs Full-Wave Outputs Locked
- Smoothing Ripple: ΔV ≈ I ÷ (f·C), the Capacitor from a Ripple Limit & the Minimum Voltage Locked
- Zener Regulators: Series Resistor, Zener and Load Currents, Power vs Rating & the Load Window Locked
- Transistor Switches: Base Resistors with Overdrive, Saturation Checks, MOSFET Losses & Temperature Rise Locked
- Op-Amp Amplifiers: The Two Ideal Rules, Inverting and Non-Inverting Gain, the Follower & Resistor Pairs Locked
- Summing & Difference Amplifiers: A Toy 4-Bit DAC, Step Size, Resistor Tolerances & Common-Mode Error Locked
- Active Filters & Comparators: Cutoff Frequency, Gain in dB, Phase with ATAN & Schmitt-Trigger Hysteresis Locked
- Capstone – Real-World Limits: Clipping at the Rails, Gain-Bandwidth, Slew Rate & a Design Check Table Locked